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Fresh Inklings

Three Kinds of Men

In truth, human history was constructed upon three primitive impulses. One type of man was addicted to spitting on the road as he walked along. Another kind instinctively pulled out a handkerchief whenever touched by another human being—or kept himself at a safe distance. And yet another, those with less water in their bodies, did not sweat at all; they roamed through summer and winter in the same clothes, untouched by climate.   Although Plato, Voltaire, Hegel, and Nietzsche each offered their own interpretations of these dispositions, nothing certain was ever agreed upon. Every age produced its wise men, and each explained these instincts in a different way, but none of those explanations ever became universal.   I once knew a learned man. Once upon a time, he was a fearsome lawyer, famous across the city. Now he lives under the patronage of an industrialist, looking after the deeds of 170 properties, registering offices, houses, and shops for rent, keeping track of endless...

The Destiny of Man Beyond Empires

History is a restless theatre where kings rehearse their victories before vanishing into dust, and where merchants count their coins in the dim candlelight of markets long since extinguished. Empires rise like towers and collapse into rubble, leaving behind only inscriptions no one reads. Politicians, with their puffed speeches, imagine themselves architects of destiny, yet their words evaporate quicker than morning mist. Economists, with tables and charts, believe they hold the key to the future, yet their equations cannot account for the trembling of the human heart. The real prophets are not crowned, nor elected, nor enthroned. They wander with pens, brushes, questions, or silence. They are the philosophers, the writers, the artists, the visionaries—the prophets without altars—whose words and visions pierce the veils of time and reveal the direction of destiny.   Plato, who imagined a cave where men sat chained, watching shadows cast upon the wall, spoke more truly of empires th...

A World Turned Upside Down

Part I – The Collapse of the Liberal Dream   The early 1990s shimmered with an intoxicating optimism. A wall had fallen in Berlin, the hammer and sickle was lowered from the Kremlin, and a divided world seemed to sigh in relief. The Cold War was over, and in its ashes, many believed, lay the end of mankind’s great ideological struggles. Francis Fukuyama famously called it “the end of history.” Not the end of wars, or poverty, or human conflict, but the end of ideological contest: liberal democracy, coupled with market capitalism, would reign supreme. The arc of history, it seemed, had bent decisively toward freedom.   Washington, London, Paris, Berlin—capitals of the Western alliance—glowed with the self-assurance of victors. NATO’s mission appeared complete. The European Union prepared to absorb former communist nations, turning once-grey Warsaw and Prague into the new glittering symbols of democratic transition. America, the “indispensable nation,” was hailed not only as the...